Syrian army steps up strikes on capital's last rebel enclave

The Syrian army has stepped up shelling and air strikes on the last remaining rebel-held enclaves in the Syrian capital on Monday, according to rebels and witnesses. 

The bombardment comes in direct violation of a Russian-sponsored ceasefire announced two weeks ago in the Eastern Ghouta area to the east of Damascus. 

From the strategic Qasyoun Heights that overlooks Damascus, elite units of the army pounded Jobar district, some two km (1.2 miles) east of the Old City wall and Ain Terma just to the south.

Moscow has said it is negotiating with mainstream rebel groups in several areas across Syria to create new de-escalation zones and calm fighting.

Rebels and residents said Moscow had already begun deploying some military police in certain checkpoints that border the rebel-held northern Homs countryside and in southwestern Syria where "de-escalation" zones have been announced.

Residents and rescuers say the Syrian army has intensified shelling of civilian areas in the Eastern Ghouta region where rebels are holed up, many in underground tunnels, out of frustration at the lack of progress.

At least 15 civilians have been killed and scores of others injured in three days of sustained bombardment.

The UK based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights which monitors the conflict said at least 20 army soldiers were either killed, injured or taken as prisoners in the past 24 hours, confirming rebel estimates.

Less intense shelling has hit Zamalka, Harasta and Kafr Btna, also in Eastern Ghouta. Social media videos downloaded by activists showed sorties of jets pounding areas in Ain Tarma and Jobar, with fire erupting in places and large plumes of smoke rising into the air.

Eastern Ghouta has been under opposition control for much of the six-year conflict. Jobar is in northeast Damascus and borders the Eastern Ghouta district of Ain Terma.

The army is also using more elephant rockets - inaccurate and improvised munitions often made from gas canisters and fired on a high trajectory, rebels said.

"The elephant rockets are not having mercy on us. We have dug tunnels and fortified our positions so they are unable to advance," said Abu Obada al-Shami, a commander from Failaq al-Rahman, the rebel group whose fighters are drawn from the area.

The rebels, for their part, are trying to hang on to their last foothold in Damascus following the loss earlier this year of Qaboun and Barzeh districts, located north of Jobar.

In 2013, a chemical attack by the Syrian government in East Ghouta killed more than 1000 people. 

Before the war began in 2011, more than half a million people lived in Eastern Ghouta, a sprawling mix of towns and farmland.

Two residents said Ain Terma was now a ghost town, with only a few hundred families taking shelter in basements after most former residents fled to other towns in Eastern Ghouta.

"Life is non-existent. Permanent terror and people are not coming out of their basements," said Abdullah al-Khatib, a former electrician, who lives there with his eight-member family.

Rebels accuse the Syrian army and its Iran-backed allies of breaking the Russia-brokered truce in Eastern Ghouta to throw its full weight against Jobar and Ain Terma.

The government has said it will abide by the truces which Russia has brokered but says it continues to target Islamic militant factions not covered by the agreement.

"This truce is a lie. The regime has not implemented it. They are shelling us without interruption using all types of weapons," Abu Hamza, another rebel fighter said.